1701~1714년까지 있었던, 당시 전 유럽이 참가했던 전쟁.
40만 명이 희생된 대 국제적 전쟁.
1700년, 스페인 합스부르크 왕가의 마지막 왕인 카를로스 2세가 병사하면서,
후계자로 부르봉 왕가의 앙주 공작 필리프(펠리페 5세)를 낙점했다.
프랑스 왕 루이 14세는 자신의 손자가 스페인의 차기 국왕이 되자 당연히 호응했지만,
이에 따라 1701년 프랑스와 스페인 연합에 대항한 스페인 왕위계승전쟁이 발발하게 된다.
문제가 된 스페인 왕위 계승자로 프랑스는 당연히 펠리페 5세를 내세웠고,
가장 근본적인 문제는 스페인 왕위 계승이라는 명분에 가리워진, 루이 14세의 유럽 패권 장악이라는 야욕이었다.
그러나 초기 예상한 것과 달리 프랑스의 국력은 상상 외로 강대하여 오스트리아는 물론 주변국들이 싹 다 가담한 연합국의 공격을 프랑스가 잘 막아내면서 전쟁이 장기화되고,
1713년에 네덜란드 공화국의 위트레흐트에서 강화조약이 체결되어,
영국과 오스트리아는 루이 14세의 손자인 펠리페 5세의 스페인 왕위 승계를 인정했지만,
대신 스페인 왕이 프랑스 왕을 겸하는 것은 금지. 스페인까지 장악하려 한 루이 14세의 야망을 좌절시키게 된다. 물론 루이 14세가 실질적으로 스페인을 프랑스 2중대로 만드는 것까지 막진 못했지만
스페인의 부르봉 왕가는 시간이 지나면서 점차 프랑스의 왕가와는 분리되기 시작했고 결국 스페인은 독립국가로 남게 되었다.
역설적이지만 영국이 스페인의 독립을 도운 셈.
여기에 더하여 합스부르크 스페인이 차지하고 있던 시칠리아, 나폴리 왕국의 왕위를 오스트리아에서 가져갔으며, 스페인은 영국에게 지브롤터 등을 내주어 영국이 지중해에 요충지를 마련하게 되었다. 영국으로서는 별다른 힘도 들이지 않고 큰 이득을 본 셈.
그리고 가장 큰 피해를 본 건 자신의 의지대로 왕을 결정할 수도 없었던 스페인. 이후 스페인은 사실상 프랑스 2중대가 되었고 나폴레옹 시절에는 아예 준 식민지로 전락하는 수모까지 당하게 된다.
한편 오스트리아는 스페인의 이탈리아 지방을 차지하여 그럭저럭 본전치기를 했고
프랑스는 국력에 상당한 타격을 입었으나 스페인을 사실상 속국화하고 오스트리아 등 주요 숙적들도 약화시킴으로써 어쨌거나 투자 대비 성과는 어느 정도 거뒀다.
그리고 사반세기 뒤 합스부르크 왕가의 대가 잠시 끊어지면서 오스트리아 왕위 계승 전쟁이 벌어지게 된다.
Read more: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad06#ixzz3rQk2SlAv
Spain's distant cousins: 1690s
During the 1690s all Europe awaits the death, thought likely to be imminent, of Charles II, the king of Spain. He is childless and has no cousins in the immediate Spanish Habsburg line. The question of the day is who will inherit the vast Spanish domains.
The two most powerful European rulers, Louis XIV of France and the Austrian emperor Leopold I, can make almost equal claims on behalf of their descendants. Both these monarchs have a Spanish Habsburg princess as a mother and a Spanish Habsburg princess as a wife (such is the interconnection of Europe's royal families, though the Habsburg link is of course almost a tradition in the Austrian imperial family).
In each generation the elder infanta has been sent to France, but the French brides have specifically renounced any claim to the Spanish throne. The younger sisters, marrying in Austria within the Habsburg clan, have not renounced their claim.
In the mid-1690s the Austrian case looks stronger than the French. A daughter of Leopold I and his Spanish bride has married the elector of Bavaria. In 1692 she gives birth to a son, Joseph Ferdinand. His claim is clearly good. Perhaps even more important, he has the advantage of being neither Bourbon nor Habsburg. The boy is a Wittelsbach. Another great European dynasty in possession of Spain will help to preserve the balance of power.
Partition treaties and wills: 1698-1700
In 1698 William III of England and Louis XIV, normally at loggerheads, join forces. Both are determined to prevent the reassembling of the great Habsburg domain held in the 16th century by the emperor Charles V. They sign a partition treaty accepting the right of the young Joseph Ferdinand to all Spain's possessions except Italy - which is to be shared, as a sweetener, between Habsburgs and Bourbons. Milan will go to the Austrians, the rest of Spanish Italy to the French.
The ailing Spanish king, Charles II, is outraged at this high-handed distribution of his property. He responds with a will naming Joseph Ferdinand as heir to the entire estate. But in 1699 the boy dies.
Undaunted, William and Louis come up with a second partition treaty in 1699. This is generous to the Habsburgs, in that a younger son of the Austrian emperor (the archduke Charles) is to have almost everything except Italy and Lorraine, which will go to France. Charles II, now almost on his deathbed (in October 1700), changes his will again. As if in a fit of pique, he leaves everything to a Bourbon prince - Philip, the second grandson of Louis XIV. A month later Charles II dies.
Given the way things have turned out, Louis XIV changes tack. Forgetting the recent partition treaty, he eagerly accepts his grandson's good fortune - treating him now as Philip V of Spain. The Austrians prepare for war.
Europe takes sides: 1701-2
At the start, in 1701, the quarrel is specifically between France and Austria - or between Louis XIV and the emperor Leopold I. Each is fighting on behalf of a grandson or son who is not next in line of succession to the French or Austrian throne. Each of the candidates has been identified in the Spanish king's will, which states that if his crown is not accepted by one of the younger grandsons of Louis XIV it shall go to the younger son of Leopold I (the archduke Charles).
The list of nations involved in the war soon extends beyond France and Austria - perhaps inevitably in view of the importance of the issue, but also because of the aggressive stance taken by Louis XIV.
Alarmed by France's ambitious demands, England and Holland enter the fray in 1702 in support of the Austrian emperor. The emperor can also rely on many of the states within his German empire, among whom the most useful ally is Prussia (encouraged in 1701 by being elevated to a kingdom).
The important exception among the German states is Bavaria, whose elector in 1702 joins the war on the side of France. Spain is with France (fulfilling the intention of the late king's will), as also are the neighbouring territories of Portugal and Savoy. These two are reluctant allies, acting mainly from fear of the Bourbons. Both change sides in 1703, when the fortunes of war favour the imperial side.
Fortunes of war: 1702-1706
Although the detailed development of the war is very complex, the basic aim is clear. Each side is trying to take control of the territories which make up the late king's bequest. The imperial allies have the two most brilliant generals of the war, and each makes early inroads in one of the significant regions of Spain's European empire. Prince Eugene of Savoy rapidly seizes much of northern Italy, while the duke of Marlborough makes advances in the Spanish Netherlands.
But a bold French initative in 1704 threatens to make these peripheral successes of trifling importance. A joint French and Bavarian army presses eastwards to threaten Vienna itself.
A rapid move by Marlborough from the Netherlands brings him to the Danube in time to join Prince Eugene. Together they win the outstanding victory of the war, at Blenheim in August. Twenty-four battalions of French and Bavarian infantry and four regiments of dragoons are taken prisoner.
In the same month, August 1704, the imperial cause has considerable success at sea. Gibraltar is taken by an English and Dutch expedition (on behalf of the archduke Charles as king of Spain) and an English fleet defeats the French in an engagement off Malaga. These two events give the allies command of the Mediterranean for the rest of the war.
The year 1705 is relatively quiet on all fronts, but in 1706 the allies' two generals achieve spectacular successes. Prince Eugene's victories that summer in north Italy are so convincing that Louis XIV withdraws all his troops from the region. At the same time Marlborough sweeps the French out of the Spanish Netherlands, in a campaign beginning with his victory at Ramillies in May.
The setbacks of 1706 prompt Louis XIV, in August, to discuss a possible peace.
Peace proposals: 1706-1710
The terms suggested by Louis XIV in 1706 are close to those proposed in the second partition treaty of 1699. He is willing for his grandson Philip to relinquish Spain and Spanish America to the archduke Charles; Philip, instead, will merely retain the Spanish territories in Italy.
The allies, determined now that the Bourbons shall benefit from no part of the Spanish inheritance, reject this very reasonable proposal. Warfare continues, but so - over the following years - do peace negotations. Louis, old now and perhaps weary, keeps returning with suggestions. Each time he offers more, but each time the allies become increasingly demanding.
By 1709 Louis is even willing to relinquish Bourbon claims to any part of the Spanish inheritance. The allies reply that in that case he must give his approval to the use of force to remove his grandson from Madrid, where he is securely installed by now as the de facto monarch Philip V. Not surprisingly, Louis breaks off negotiations.
Once again, the war continues - at increasingly great cost, particularly in the Spanish Netherlands. The battle of Malplaquet, in September 1709, is a victory for Marlborough in strategic terms. But the allies suffer 20,000 casualties, compared with about 1l,000 French.
In 1710 Louis' peace proposals become even more conciliatory. He now accepts the use of force to remove Philip from Spain; he is even willing to provide funds for the purpose. The allies in their turn insist that French troops shall be used for the purpose. Again negotiations break down.
Finally, in 1710-12, subsidiary events conspire to break the prolonged impasse. First there is a change of ministry in England. In 1710 the Whigs suffer an election defeat by the Tories; with stronger French links, the Tories are inclined to peace. Then death cuts a swathe through both Bourbon and Habsburg families, profoundly altering the political complexion of the war.
Royal deaths: 1711-1712
In 1710, of the two contenders for Spain, Philip is fifth in line of succession to the French throne and the archduke Charles is the younger brother of the Austrian emperor Joseph I (their father Leopold has died in 1705).
Two years later only a sickly infant stands between Philip and the French crown. Louis XIV has suffered in quick succession the deaths of his only son in 1711 and of his elder grandson and elder great-grandson in 1712. A two-year-old (subsequently Louis XV) becomes the French heir. Even more significant, the archduke Charles is now the emperor Charles VI (his brother Joseph I dies childless in 1710).
These abrupt changes undermine the strategy of the allies. Their aim has been to place the archduke Charles on the Spanish throne. Nobody would now accept his inheriting it as the Austrian emperor.
By the same token Philip, in possession of Spain, cannot be allowed to inherit the French throne. In May 1712 he is persuaded to renounce any claim to France. The way is at last open for a succession of peace treaties which are signed during 1713 and 1714. In the changed circumstances the results are much more favourable to France than any of the solutions discussed in previous years.
Treaties of Utrecht and Baden: 1713-1714
France and Spain agree separate treaties with each of their opponents, most of them in Utrecht in 1713. The house of Bourbon can be said to have gained the greatest advantage, since everyone now accepts the right of Philip V to Spain and the Spanish colonies overseas. But other nations make significant gains too.
Great Britain wins some useful territories. Gibraltar is ceded by Spain, as is Minorca - a valuable Mediterranean base captured by a British fleet in 1708. From France Britain receives Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and the Hudson Bay territory. Louis XIV also recognizes the Protestant succession and promises to give no further support to the exiled Stuarts (a pledge made also in 1697 but subsequently broken).
Britain and Holland are both granted commercial privileges, and Britain is allowed to provide 4800 African slaves each year for the Spanish colonies in America. In the so-called Barrier Treaties the Dutch win a confirmation of their right to maintain a line of fortresses along the southern frontier of the Spanish Netherlands - as a protection against French expansion.
In the treaties agreed with the emperor Charles VI in 1714 (initially at Rastatt, later confirmed at Baden), the Spanish Netherlands become the Austrian Netherlands. This part of the Spanish inheritance, together with Spanish territories in northern Italy, is ceded to Charles even though he is now emperor.
Among other important concessions, the elector of Brandenburg is accepted in his new status as king of Prussia. Adjustments along the Rhine include the ceding to France of Strasbourg and Alsace (steadily infiltrated by Louis XIV during recent decades).
These settlements, representing a major adjustment of Europe's internal balance, hold good until the next upheaval in the Napoleonic period. In the interim the great powers continue to vie with each other, and there are minor adjustments (within Italy, and between Austria and Prussia). But the real rivalry for the rest of the century is overseas, in Europe's competing empires.
However, one cause of future conflict does result from the Treaty of Utrecht. Within a week of its being signed, the emperor Charles VI - alarmed by the drastic diminution of the Habsburg empire - issues a Pragmatic Sanction to secure within the family the inheritance of the remaining territories.
The Sanction states that the inheritance can pass through the female line, with the order of succession being any son of his, then any daughter of his, and finally any daughter of his deceased elder brother Joseph I (an arrangement to the detriment of the only princesses, daughters of Joseph, who as yet exist). The Sanction is finally accepted by the major European powers in 1720, but this is not enough to prevent a war on the issue (the War of the Austrian Succession) when Charles dies in 1740, as he feared, without a male heir.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession
War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was a major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II. He had ruled over a large active empire which spanned the globe, and the question of who would succeed him had long troubled ministers in capitals throughout Europe. Attempts to solve the problem by partitioning the empire between the eligible candidates from the royal Houses of France (Bourbon), Austria (Habsburg), and Bavaria (Wittelsbach) ultimately failed, and on his deathbed Charles II fixed the entire Spanish inheritance on Philip, Duke of Anjou, the second-eldest grandson of King Louis XIV of France. With Philip ruling in Spain, Louis XIV would secure great advantages for his dynasty, but some statesmen regarded a dominant House of Bourbon as a threat to European stability, jeopardising the balance of power.
Louis XIV had good reasons for accepting his grandson on the Spanish thrones, but he subsequently made a series of controversial moves: he sent troops to secure the Spanish Netherlands (the buffer zone between France and the Dutch Republic); he sought to dominate the Spanish American trade at the expense of English and Dutch merchants; and he refused to remove Philip from the French line of succession, thereby opening the possibility of France and Spain uniting under a single powerful monarch at a future date. To counter Louis XIV's growing dominance, England,[2] the Dutch Republic, and Austria – together with their allies in the Holy Roman Empire – re-formed the Grand Alliance (1701) and supported Emperor Leopold I's claim to the whole Spanish inheritance for his second son, Archduke Charles. By backing the Habsburg candidate (known to his supporters as King Charles III of Spain) each member of the coalition sought to reduce the power of France, ensure their own territorial and dynastic security, and restore and improve the trade opportunities they had enjoyed under Charles II. The Russians, who were expected to help their Austrian allies, were fighting another great war with Sweden that embroiled in Eastern Europe.
The English, the Dutch and the Austrians formally declared war in May 1702. By 1708 the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy had secured victory in the Spanish Netherlands and in Italy, and had defeated Louis XIV's ally, Bavaria. France faced invasion and ruin, but Allied unity broke first. With the Grand Alliance defeated in Spain, and with its casualties mounting and aims diverging, the Tories came to power in Great Britain in 1710 and resolved to end the war. French and British ministers prepared the groundwork for a peace conference and in 1712 Britain ceased combat operations. The Dutch, Austrians, and German states fought on to strengthen their own negotiating position, but defeated by Marshal Villars they were soon compelled to accept Anglo-French mediation. By the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) and of the Treaty of Rastatt (1714) the Spanish empire was partitioned between the major and minor powers. The Austrians received most of Spain's former European realms, but the Duke of Anjou retained peninsular Spain and Spanish America, where, after renouncing his claim to the French succession, he reigned as King Philip V. The European balance of power was assured.
A small number of historians, in retrospect, consider the War of the Spanish Succession to have been the first true world war in human history, having taken place over two centuries before what is commonly named World War I
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