暗黑物質, 창세기 1장과 dark matter

 

우주를 구성하는 총 물질의 90 % 이상을 차지하고 있고, 전파 ·적외선 ·가시광선 ·자외선 ·X선 ·감마선 등과 같은 전자기파로도 관측되지 않고 오로지 중력을 통해서만 존재를 인식할 수 있는 물질을 말한다.

그 존재는 F.츠비키가 은하단을 구성하는 은하들의 동력학적 평형 연구에서 처음 제기하였고, 1978년 V.루빈이 나선은하의 회전속도를 관측함으로써 확인되었다. 암흑물질은 질량과 빛을 내는 물질의 척도인 광도를 이용한 ‘질량-광도비’로 수치화할 수 있다. 태양의 질량-광도의 비는 1, 즉 암흑물질을 포함하지 않고 있다. 태양계 행성들의 공전속도는 거리에 반비례하여 감소하고 있지만, 나선은하의 관측된 회전속도는 거리에 따라 증가하여 최대속도가 된 후 일정한 값을 가진다.

만유인력법칙에 따르면 나선은하의 질량이 거리에 비례하여 증가한다. 반면에 관측된 나선은하들의 광도는 거리에 따라 감소하므로, 나선은하의 질량-광도 비는 거리에 따라 증가하여 전 나선은하의 질량-광도 비는 태양의 약 10배가 되며, 나선은하에 포함된 암흑물질은 빛을 내는 물질의 약 10배나 된다.

X선 관측을 통하여 타원은하도 암흑물질이 10배 이상 많고, 은하단과 초은하단과 같이 천체가 크면 클수록 더욱 많은 암흑물질을 포함하고 있다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 암흑물질의 구성 성분은 아직도 미해결의 문제이다. 현재까지 알려진 것은 암흑물질은 약한 상호작용을 하는 질량을 가진 기본입자들로 구성되었다는 이론이 유력하지만, 원시 블랙홀이나 갈색왜성을 구성하는 바리온도 배제하지 못한다.

약한 상호작용을 하는 기본입자들은 중성미자나 대통일장이론에서 등장하는 여러 입자들이 있다. 암흑물질은 우주진화론, 은하 및 대규모 우주 형성론과 진화론에 큰 역할을 한다. 중력불안정론(重力不安定論)에 따르면, 암흑물질은 초은하단과 같은 큰 천체를 먼저 형성한 후 분리되어 작은 천체들을 형성한다는 ‘뜨거운 암흑물질’과 은하보다 작은 천체들이 먼저 형성된 후 계층적인 중력집단화 과정을 거쳐 거대한 우주 구조를 형성한다는 ‘찬 암흑물질’로 구분한다.

 

Genesis 1 ¹

THE 1ST DAY

   In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.²    And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

   And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.

   And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.

   And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night.³ And the evening and the morning were the first day.

THE 2ND DAY

   And God said, Let there be a firmament (expanse) in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.

   And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.

   And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day. ⁴

THE 3RD DAY

   And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.

   And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.

   And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so. ⁵

   And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

   And the evening and the morning were the third day.

THE 4TH DAY

   And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:

   And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.

   And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. ⁶

   And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,

   And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.

   And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.

THE 5TH DAY

   And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. ⁷

   And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

   And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.

   And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.

THE 6TH DAY

   And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. ⁸

   And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

   And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.

   So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.

   And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.

   And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.

   And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.

   And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.

1. 모든 것이 이해할 수가없으나 고칠 수도 없는 대목이다. [본문으로]
2. 혼돈상태로 우주를 뜻하는 것 같다. 물 즉 수소를 뜻하는 것 같다. 여기에서 보이는 것과 보이지 않는 것으로 나누어 빛과 흑암으로 분리된다. 여기의 흑암이 dark matters 인 것 같다. 보이는것은 5% 정도이다. [본문으로]
3. 보이는 것은 낮이요 보이지 않는 것은 밤이다. 여기서 낮과 밤은 우리가 일상 보는 낮과 밤이 아니다. [본문으로]
4. 아직 물(소소) 상태로 꽉 차 있는 우주를 하늘과 땅으로 분리하여 규정하는 것으로 생각된다. [본문으로]
5. 바다와 육지를 나누고 식물을 창조한다. [본문으로]
6. 해와 달고 별을 만든다. [본문으로]
7. 동물을 만든다. [본문으로]
8. 사람을 만든다. [본문으로]