15. [동사] VERBALS ( 현재분사, 과거분사)
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PARTICIPLE (Verbal Adjective)
형용사 역할을 할 수 있게 변화한 동사
( 현재분사, 과거분사 )
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Forms of Participle (6 forms)
<타동사>
written (ed분사)
writing (ing분사) / being written
having written / having been written
having been writing /
<자동사>
come, 과거분사
coming, 현재분사
having come, 현재완료분사
having been coming, 현재완료진행분사.
i) Tense, Voice 가 있다.
ii) Object, Complement 를 가질 수 있다.
iii) Adverb 로 수식할 수 있다.
✠ 분사는 시간의 관념이 없다. 현재분사, 과거분사의 명칭이 어색하다.
(차라리 '-ing분사', '-ed분사' 로 부르자 hanngill).
또한, 'be writing 쓰는, be written 쓰여진' 같이, 현재분사를 '능동분사', 과거분사를 '수동분사' 라고 하고 싶지만, written 이 능동 현재완료형에 쓰이고 있기 때문에 능동, 수동 구별이 애매해 진다. 그러므로 '제1분사', '제2분사' 로 부르는 것이 좋을 것 같다는 설이 있다. ( Jespersen)
분사의 용도
Attributive usage,
Predicate usage;
Participial constructive usage
3가지가 있다.
[A] Attributive Participle (주어를 수식하는 분사)
명사 뒤의 분사는 형용사절의 축소로서 동사적 adjunct 수반이 가능하다. 따라서 일시적 성격을 띄고 있다.
Who is the man (that is) speaking to your father?
What is the language (which is) spoken in South America.
명사 앞의 분사는 특별히 'Participial Adjective' 라 하고 비교법을 쓸 수 있다. 영구적 성격을 띄고 있다.
An interesting book. = A book that interests.
Interested parties. = Parties that are interested. 이해관계자들
Compare:
men living in town // living men
birds singing in the bush // singing birds
Very interesting books. more interesting books.
the most interesting book.
Men living in towns.// Men living at present.
생활하고 있는 숨쉬고 살아 있는
[ 1] 명사 + Participle
I saw a woman wearing a straw hat. 밀짚 모자 쓴 여인
There is a new bridge building. 건설중인
For the time being. 지금 이어지는 이 시간 동안
The finest fellows going. 지금 가고 있는 좋은 사람 친구들
For five days running. 이어지는 5일 동안
Mr. Kim speaking. 지금 전화로 말하고 있는 미스터 김
A man respected by everybody.
A bridge destroyed by the enemy.
Everybody invited. 초대되어서 온 모든 사람들
A information required.
A lady just come.
A man descended from a high family.
A Daniel come to judgment. 재판정에 온 다니엘
First come, first served. 온 첫 분, 받는 첫 분
It is your aunt come to see you. 너를 보러 온 숙모
A rumor newly come. 바로온 소문
In times past. 지나간 시간에
In days gone by. 지난 날들에
[ 2] Participle + 명사
An interesting book.
The rising sun.
Everlasting jokes.
A charming lady.
A going concern. 잘나가는 회사 (관련있는 업체들, Konzern)
Astonishing events.
Her forbidding manner. (repulsive 거부적 태도)
Her captivating manner. 매혹적인 태도
washing ties. 잘 씻어지는 (수동의미)
cooking apples. 요리가 되는
A broken cup.
A wounded soldier.
A paid bill.
Left property. 유산
Reserved seat 예약석
His disappointed look.
A spoken English
An admired friend. 감동주는, 존경할만한
once-loved woman 한때 사랑했던
Unheard-of wonders.
An unthought-of moment.
A long-looked-for occasion.
Ready-made articles 미리 만들어 놓은 것들
A faded flower.
An escaped prisoner.
His deceased patron,
A fallen angel.
The risen sun.
Aged people.
Rotten apples.
Swollen legs.
A full-grown girl. 성숙한
A drunken fellow.
A well-read man.
A learned man.
A sworn friend.
A perjured man. 위증자
A confirmed drunkard. 굳어진
A declared lover. 누구나 다 아는
A professed Christian. 공언한
on the following day. =on the day following.
At the appointed time. = at the time appointed.
A born poet.= a poet born.
(born and bred, known, seen 은 명사 뒤에 와야 한다.)
A Londoner born and bred.
The provebs known.
Things seen are mightier than things heard.
✤ Noun + ed (False participial Adjective)
long-tailed, three-legged, blue-eyed, one-eyed;
warm-blooded, warm-hearted,
well-behaved, talented, wooded,
a landed proprietor, (proper 고유소유, property, proprietary)
a moneyed man,
✤ 분사형 명사 [The + 분사, Adj.]
복수: the dying, the dead, the wound, the disabled, the slain, the vanquished 폐군인들;
the employer, the employed, the bygones, the sleeping,
the rich, the poor; the learned, the unlearned, the ignorant; the old, the young,
Dead and dying were lying about.
Let bygones be bygones,
Sleeping and dead are but as pictures.
잠든자들과 죽은자들은 그림으로 보기에는 똑 같다.
단수: the beloved, the admired; the intended 약혼자, the betrothed 약혼자;
the observed, the unexpected, the unknown; the rescued, the deceased;
the pursued, the accused, the humble, the exalted,
✤ 접속사 as + V-ing, pp.
She is described as being beautiful.
He is represented as kneeling before crucifix.
This picture represents Seoul as seen from Mt. Namsan.
✤ V-ing + Adj. (현재분사가 adv 가 된다.)
boiling, burning, steaming, scorching, hissing, scalding, ~ hot :
piercing, freezing, bitting, ~ cold :
amazing, stunning, smashing, ripping, clinking, ~ good, fine ;
thumping, thundering, whopping, ~ big,great :
sopping wet, dripping wet,
shocking bad,
tearing angry,
✤ 분사가 접속사, 전치사로 쓰이는 경우:
concerning, regarding, respecting;
saving, excepting, excepted;
providing, provided;
owing to, notwithstanding,
✤ Idiomatic use of ed-분사:
Forewarned is forearmed.
Ill-got, ill-spent.
Well-begun is half-done.
[B] Predicate Participle ( 주격 보어, 목적격 보어인 분사)
1. Subject Complement
I sat thinking. (분사형용사로 주격보어)
cf. I was thinking. (이때의 현재분사는 보어가 아니다, 동사의 현대진행 형)
I kept standing all the time.(standing은 동명사 아님)
He stood looking at~.
He stood leaning against~
The city lies sleeping.
The birds came hopping.
The boys ran shouting.
The money is missing. (missing은 분사가 아니다. adj)
Something is wanting (lacking). (adj.)
The child kept crying. (분사)
He kept on blowing his nose. (분사) 코풀다. (snore코골다)
She remained standing.(분사)
She continued talking. (분사)
It goes on raining. (분사)
I went on reading.(독서가 아니고 읽기를 계속하다)(분사)
I left off reading on his entrance.(분사)
(동사+전치사= 동사구)
Man is born crying, lives complaining, and dies groaning. (분사)
I was bewildered for a moment. ( pp)
I stood bewildered for a moment. ( 분사형용사)
He sat buried in thoughts. (분사)
He stood prepared to repel any attack. (분사)
He stands rebuked. (rebuke =reprimand 견책하다)
I stood enraptured at the sight.
The book lay hidden among the rubbish.
* come, go, live, die, fell, remain, rest, seem,.
뒤에 PP가 오면 주격보어, adj.이다.
She came in unnoticed. (She was unnoticed) (분사)
He went out unobserved.
He lived beloved.
He died lamented.
He fell down shot dead. (fall, fell, fallen; fell, felled, felled)
The mystery remains unsolved.
You may rest assured that ~. 믿고 편히 있어라.
He seems satisfied.
* grow, become, get... (Inceptive passive 시초수동)
Where did you become acquainted with him?
He will soon become(get, grow) tired of the work.
to become accustomed,
to become intoxicated, 취하게 되다
* get 가 시초수동으로 쓰이면 제귀 목적 oneself를 생략한다.
get hurt = to get oneself hurt 의 뜻.
get rid = to get oneself rid.
* Get+PP 의 용법: inceptive, absolute, factitive사역.
시초 to get drunk, to get used to, to get married,...
독립 to get hurt, to get shot, to get burnt, to get mixed, to get wounded, to get entangled,...
사역 to get shaved, to get obeyed,...
* go on V-ing 동명사>> go a-V-ing( 부사) >> go V-ing.
(a-) fishing, hunting, skating, skiing, shopping, blackberrying, riding,...
I went out shooting. (원래 동명사. 부사로 보아야)
He took me riding.
He took me about seeing sights. 여기저기 끌고 다니다.
He is busy (in) packing. (원래 동명사이지만, 부사로보아야)
He is late (in) coming.
I took a taxi going, and took a bus coming. (가면서택시, 오면서 버스)
He was drowned (in) bathing in the river. 목욕하면서 익사
My horse fell going down the hill.
2. Object Complement ( 중요)
leave, remain; find; keep; set, send;
see, hear, feel; meet, catch; have, make; get...
[+목적어 + ing분사]
I left her smiling.( =When I left her, she was smiling. )
I have left the tree standing. 나무가 서 있는 것을 보고떠났다.
I found my son sitting by my side.
They kept him working. (He kept working. 주격보어)
Newton saw an apple fall; this set him thinking.
I sent a stone rolling down the hill.
I saw black clouds covering the sky.
I heard the thunder rolling.
I felt the house shaking.
I saw him coming. 그가 오고 있는 동작을 보았다. 동작.
cf. I saw him come. = He came and I saw it. 사실.
I don't like him coming. 분사
cf. I don't like his coming. 동명사
I met him walking in the park.
I caught him stealing eggs.
Catch me doing that. 내가 그걸 하는가 봐라. 안한다.
I have her staying with me.
[+목적어 + ed 분사]
Keep me informed on(or of) the situation.
I found the work half-done.
They found a man concealed (hidden) underfloor.
They left no means untried.
The left no stone untouched. 모든 수단을 다 해봤다.
I wish to see paper made.
I never heard Italian spoken.
I felt myself fulled by the sleeve.
I will see you paid. 네가 돈 받는 것을 보겠다.
He owned himself defeated. 젔음을 인정하다.
He declared himself satisfied.
He was walking with his arms folded.
The wolved ran with their ears set back, and with their tails hanging down.
[사역동사+목적어 + ed분사]
I could not make myself understood.
I had my house built. (pp에 강세)
I got a suit of clothes made.
I got my hair cut.
I had my photo taken.
Please have my baggage carried (by somebody) to my room.
Please get my baggage carried to my room.
He had a position offered to him. 한자리 제안 받았다.
He deserves to have his biography written.
I had my watch stolen. (have, get에 강세)
He had his house burnt down.
He got his right wrist dislocated.
She got her face scratched.
I have no money left. 다 써버렸다. (남은 돈이 없다 가 아님)
I have my work done. (완료의 뜻도 있다)
v 여기서 완료형 "I have done my work." 로 발전한 것이다.
He may have his work finished very soon. 곧 마칠 수 있다.
cf. He may have finished his work already. 이미 마첬을 수 있다.
may, can, ought to, must 등과 쓰면 뜻이 달라진다.
[C] Participial Construction (접속사 까지 겸하는 분사구문)
< 분사구문은 어느때 사용하는가? >
1. 부사절을 생략 축소해서 더욱 생생한 느낌을 주기 위해서 쓴다.
2. when, while, as; as, since, because; if, though, whether clause 를 생략할 경우에 쓴다.
(Forms 5개) written 은 분사구문에서 사용하지 않는다.
(분사구문은 ~ing 형이다, 다만 passive 에서는 Being이 생략되고 PP 만 남은 구문이 있다.)
writing,
(being) written,
having written,
having been written,
having been writing
✤ passive voice 에서 ''Being, Having been " 생략하고 P.P. 만 쓰는 경우가 보통이다.
(Being) United, we stand; (Being) divided, we fall.
( if we are united,~
(Being) Wounded in the legs, he could not walk.
✤ active voice에서 'Being' 을 생략하고 Adjective 또는 Noun만 남길 때도 있다.
(Being) Angry at my words, he made no reply.
(Being) A man of social instincts 천성, he had many acquaintances.
* 주절과 동시이면 현재분사, 주절보다 이전이면 완료형을 쓴다.
Having finished my work, I (have /had/shall have) nothing more to do.
Finishing my work, I (have /had/shall have) nothing more to do.
Living in the country, I (am/was/shall be) very happy.
Having been idle in his youth, he must work hard in his old age.
(= As he was idle ~, As he has been idle ~)
* 두 개의 동사 시상이 다를 경우 앞선 시상을 앞에 둔다.
I stood on a bench, looking out over the sea.
Picking a stone, he threw it at the barking dog.
A fire broke out, destroying the building.
John, seeing a policeman, ran off.
=Seeing a policeman, John ran off.
Seeing a policeman, he ran off. (대명사 he 는 앞에 못 나감)
Writing something on a piece of paper, he gave it to me.
Having written my exercises, I have nothing more to do.
Having been writing letters all the morning, I had no time to attend to other matters.
Being written in an easy style, the book is adapted to beginners.
Having been written in haste, the book has many faults.
Leaning against the wall, he heaved a deep sigh.
Feeling the house shake, I ran out.
My task (being) completed, I went to bed.
She, dying, gave it to me.
(bing) Left to herself, she began to weep.
Having finished my task, I took a walk.
Going downtown, I met a friend.
Living (, as I did,) in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
Being alone (, as I am,)in this solitary house, I seldom see people.
She smiled, not being able to help it.
Not receiving any answer, I wrote to him again.
(Being) Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.
(Being) Poor, he could not afford (to buy) books.
(Being) Frightened, he halted.
(Being) Oppressed, I am not enjoying life much.
Turning to the left, you will find the house.
Coming from a less modest man, this assurance would sound like a boast.
간방진 놈 입으로부터 나왔다면 이런 확언은 자랑으로 들렸을 것이다. ( 가상법으로 If 생략문)
Certain poisons, properly used, proved beneficial.
You would be warmer, walking. 걸으면
Once seen, It would never be forgotten.
Their hearts are gone; seeing, they are blind; hearing, they are deaf.
넋이 나갔다. 보아도 안보이고, 들어도 안 들린다.
Born of the same parents, they bore no resemblance.
Smiling brightly, he extended his hands. 하면서 (동시)
He leaped forward, shrieking with all his might.
Holding on to the rope firmly, I came safe to land.
When going to school, I met a friend.
Though living so near his house, I seldom see him.
Whether living or not, I will find him out.
A tiger can be tamed, if caught young.
He rushed toward me, as if intending to do me violence.
Though often disheartened, his father had never yet despaired of succeeding.
* 독립분사구문 ( 문장체에서 주로 쓰인다)
분사의 의미상 주어와 문장의 주어가 다른 경우 분사 앞/뒤 에 주어를 둔다.
Night coming on, we started for home.
The sun having set, we came down the hill.
This done, he bade us good night.
God willing, we shall start tomorrow.
Conciliation failing, force remains; but force failing, no further hope is left.
달래도 안되면 강제가 남아 있지만 힘 마저 안되면 희망이 없다.
All things considered, the offer seems reasonable.
모든 것이 고려된바, 그 제안은 이유가 있다.
It being Sunday, there was no school.
He being rich and I poor, everybody took his side against me.
There being the case, I will say no more. 그런 사정이어서,
The knife slipping, I cut myself.
The truth revealed itself, the criminal confessing the crime.
There being no objections, the minutes were adopted as read.
I sat reading a book, my brother() writing a letter.
( sat가 생략된 것인가, 아니면 부대상황을 말하는 분사인가)
The two sill knelt, tears running down their cheeks.
Off we started, he remaining behind.
* 다음 과거분사는 가상법으로 쓰여 진 것이다.
Given health, this thing can be done. (분사 뒤에 의미상 주어)
= If health be given, this thing can be done.
Given earth, air, and due temperature, the plant must grow.
Granted the weather was fine, nothing could be more delightful.
Granted that he did so, what are you going to do?
Granted that he had the best intentions, his conduct was productive of mischief.
( granted, given 은 가상법. 대신 직설법도 쓰고 있다.)
Granting that he was drunk, that is no excuse for his behavior.
* 비인칭 독립분사 ( 관용어): Impersonal absolute participle
We, You, I 등 일반적 주어를 생략하는 경우를 말한다.
Generally speaking,
Strictly speaking,
Talking of ~
Properly speaking,
Judging from reports,
Roughly speaking,
All told,
Considering~
Owing to~
According to~
Seeing that~
Supposing that~
Provided that~
※ Compare: 다음은 전치사의 목적으로 Gerund 이다.
By holding on the rope firmly,~
In going to town,
Before leaving this place,
After leaving collage,
When going to Seoul, ( 분사)
on arriving in Seoul, (동명사)
분사구문 종료)
Ill-got is ill-spent.
Well-begun is half-done