Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

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Karl v  독일황제 칼 5세는 신교도 탄압에 실패한 뒤에 적자 Felipe 2 에게 스페인 네델란드 나폴리 를 주고, 동생

Ferdinand 1 에게 오스트리아를 주고 퇴위하였다. Habssburg 가는 동서로 분리되어 17세기 초까지 유럽정국의 지도적 역할을 하였다. 

Charles V
Charrles V by Titian, 1548. Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany
Holy Roman Emperor King of Germany and Italy
Reign	28 June 1519 – 27 August 1556[1]l
Coronation	26 October 1520 (Germany) 22 February 1530 (Italy) 24 February 1530 (Empire)
Predecessor	Maximilian I
Successor	Ferdinand I
Archduke of Austria
Reign	12 January 1519 – 28 April 1521
Predecessor	Maximilian I
Successor	Ferdinand I
King of Spain
Reign	23 January 1516 – 16 January 1556
Predecessor	Joanna I
Successor	Philip II
Co-monarch	Joanna I
Lord of the Netherlands Duke of Burgundy
Reign	25 September 1506 – 25 October 1555[2]
Predecessor	Philip IV
Successor	Philip V
Born	24 February 1500 Ghent, Flanders
Died	21 September 1558 (aged 58) Yuste, Spain
Burial	El Escorial, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain
Spouse	Isabella of Portugal
Issue	Philip II of Spain Maria, Holy Roman Empress Joanna, Princess of Portugal John of Austria (illegitimate) Margaret, Duchess of Parma(illegitimate)
House	House of Habsburg
Father	Philip I of Castile
Mother	Joanna I of Castile
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Charles V (French: Charles Quint; German: Karl V.)^[a] (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558), also known as Charles I of Spain (Spanish: Carlos I), was Duke of Burgundy and ruler of the Netherlands from 1506, ruler of the Spanish Empire from 1516 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1519, until he voluntarily stepped down from these and other positions by a series of abdications between 1554 and 1556. Through inheritance, he brought together under his rule extensive territories in central, western, and southern Europe, and the Spanish colonies in the Americas and Asia. As a result, his domains spanned nearly four million square kilometers,^[3] and were the first to be described as "the empire on which the sun never sets".^[4]

Charles was the heir of three of Europe's leading dynasties: the Houses of Habsburg, Valois-Burgundy and Trastámara. From his own dynasty, the Habsburgs, he inherited Austria and other lands in central Europe. He was also elected to succeed his Habsburg grandfather, Maximilian I as Holy Roman Emperor, a title held by the Habsburgs since 1440. He inherited the Burgundian Netherlands and the Franche-Comté as heir of the House of Valois-Burgundy. From the Spanish House of Trastámara, he inherited the crowns of Castile, which was in the process of developing a nascent empire in the Americas and Asia, and Aragon. The latter included a Mediterranean empire that extended to Southern Italy. Charles was the first king to rule Castile and Aragon simultaneously in his own right, and, as a result, is sometimes referred to as the first King of Spain.^[5] The personal union, under Charles, of the Holy Roman Empire with the Spanish empire resulted in the closest Europe would come to a universal monarchy in the post-classical era.^[6]

Fearing that his vast inheritance would lead to the realization of a universal monarchy and that he was trying to create a European hegemony, Charles was the object of hostility from many enemies.^[7] His reign was dominated by war, and particularly by three major simultaneous conflicts: the Habsburg-Valois Wars with France, the struggle to halt the Ottoman advance, and the Protestant Reformation resulting in conflict with the German princes.^[8] The wars with France, mainly fought in Italy, resulted in recovery of territory lost at the beginning of his reign and included the decisive defeat and capture of Francis I of France at the Battle of Pavia in 1525. France recovered and the wars continued for the remainder of Charles's reign. Enormously expensive, they led to the development of the first modern professional army in Europe, the Tercios. The struggle with the Ottoman Empire was fought in Hungary and the Mediterranean. After seizing most of eastern and central Hungary in 1526, the Ottomans’ advance was halted at their failed Siege of Vienna in 1529. A lengthy war of attrition, conducted on his behalf by his younger brother Ferdinand, continued for the rest of Charles's reign. In the Mediterranean, although there were some successes, Charles was unable to prevent the Ottomans’ increasing naval dominance and the piratical activity of the Barbary Corsairs. Charles opposed the Reformation and in Germany he was in conflict with the Protestant Princes of the Schmalkaldic League who were motivated by both religious and political opposition to him. He could not prevent the spread of Protestantism and although he won a decisive victory against the Princes at the Battle of Mühlberg, 1547, he was ultimately forced to concede thePeace of Augsburg of 1555 which divided Germany on confessional lines.

Though rebellions were not something that Charles concerned himself with frequently, he was quick to put down three particularly dangerous rebellions in the vital territories of Castile, the Frisian lands, and later in his reign in the port city of Ghent. However, once the rebellions were quelled the essential Castilian and Burgundian territories remained mostly loyal to Charles throughout his rule.

Charles’s Spanish dominions were the chief source of his power and wealth. As his reign progressed, his Spanish realms became increasingly important. In the Americas, Charles sanctioned the conquest by Castillian conquistadors of the Aztec and Inca empires. Castillian control was extended across much of South and Central America. The resulting vast expansion of territory and the flows of South American silver to Castile had profound long term effects on Spain. Charles was only 56 when he abdicated, but after 34 years of energetic rule he was physically exhausted and sought the peace of a monastery where he died aged 58. on Charles’s abdications, the title of Holy Roman Emperor passed to his younger brother Ferdinand (who had already been given the Austrian lands in 1521) and the Spanish Empire, including the possessions in the Netherlands and Italy, was inherited by Charles’s son Philip II. The two empires would remain allies until the 18th century.