NOUN CLASSES (countables, non-countables)
(Blaganje-Konte, p. 41-59)
From the grammatical point of view the most important division of nouns is that according to the category of number into COUNTABLES and NON-COUNTABLES.
abstract (idea, wish, flight)
abstract (advice, knowledge, love)
proper (John,
(lastna imena)
The classification of nouns into concrete and abstract … is semantic (it depends on the meaning of the word).
SIBILANT (sičnik, šumevec)
nouns ending in a sibilant (-s, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch) form the
plural by adding -es to the singular
house ® houses, price ® prices (mute -e!), bus ® bus(s)es
NOUNS ENDING IN -O
consonant + -o: potatoes [z], solos (foreign word!)
vowel + -o: radios
Abbreviated nouns take the inflection -s only: cello ® cellos, photo ® photos …
NOUNS ENDING IN -Y
consonant + -y: baby ® babies, the Kennedys!
vowel + -y: day ® days
VOICING + -S PLURAL The final voiceless fricative of the sg. base is changed to its voiced counterpart before the plular -s/-es [z]: a) -f becomes v before -es beef ® beeves, life ® lives, self ® selves, calf ® calves b) -th [θ] becomes [ð] before –s bath [ba:θ] ® baths [ba:ðz], mouth ® mouths, path ® paths REGULAR PLURAL!!! p. 46
man [mæn] ® men [men], goose [gu:s]
® geese [gi:s], mouse [maus] ® mice [mais], foot [fut] ® feet [fi:t]
PLURAL IN -EN
The few survivals of the OE plural inflection -en represent this once extensive paradigmatic class of nouns
ox ® oxen, child ® children, brother ® brethren
1 the part of a word that stays the same when different endings are added to it
Some nouns take the zero plural inflection and thus have only one form for the singular and the plural (one-form countable nouns).
ANIMAL NAMES
a) deer, sheep, grouse
b) fish and nouns denoting some kinds of fish (cod, carp, dace, mackerel, plaice, salmon, trout)
The plural form fishes, trouts, carps … (never *plaices, *salmons!) are used only to denote the variety
of the kind. There are many fishes (various kinds) in the net.
The following nouns denoting fish take the regular plural: anchovy ® anchovies, herring ® herrings, sardine ® sardines, sprat ® sprats, sole ® soles, eel ® eels.
Nouns denoting sea animals other than fish also take the regular plural (crabs, lobster, shrimps …).
SOME QUANTITATIVE (NUMERICAL) NOUNS
Hundred, thousand, million, brace, dozen, gross, head, score, yoke when premodified, esp. by cardinal numerals (two hundred people, five million stars).
two brace of partridge
two dozen handkerchiefs
fifteen head of cattle
Two yoke of oxen drew the cart.
The nouns pound, stone and foot often take a zero plural inflection, when followed by a smaller unit:
The bill came to four pound ten.
She used to weight nine stone (or stones) but she has gone down to eight stone three.
His brother is six foot three.
His brother is six foot (or feet) tall.
NOUNS IN -(E)S: AMLS, BARRACKS, CROSS-ROADS, GALLOWS, HEADQUARTERS, MEANS, SERIES, SPECIES (examples p. 48!)
There are three ways of pluralizing compound nouns:
- Usually only the last element is pluralized whether it is a noun or some other part of speech.
lady-bird ® lady-birds
boy-friend ® boy-friends
school-mate ® school-mates
forget-me-not ® forget-me-nots
good-for-nothing ® good-for-nothings
merry-go-round ® merry-go-rounds
- Both nouns are pluralized:
a) when the first element is man or woman, on condition that this element denotes the sex of the compound (man friend ® men friends, woman doctor ® women doctors …)
b) when the first element is a classifying genitive (a man’s club or a men’s club ® men’s clubs, a printer’s error or printers’ error ® printers’ error …)
- In compound nouns where the noun is postmodified by a prepositional phrase, an adjective, an adverb or an infinitive, the first element (the noun) is usually pluralized:
editor-in-chief ® editors-in-chief
point of view ® points of view
man-of-war ® men-of-war
mother-to-be ® mothers-to-be
runner-up ® runners-up
passer-by ® passers-by
In a number of compounds where a noun is postmodified by an adjective, the compound is felt as a single unit, thus the plural -s is often added at the end:
lord mayors, brigadier generals, court-martials, knight-errants, poet laureates
Similarly in some compound where the noun is postmodified by a prepositional phrase (particularly in AmE and becoming more and more common in BrE):
commander-in-chiefs for commanders-in-chief
mother-in-laws for mothers-in-law
sister-in-laws for sisters-in-law
If a title + a proper noun is pluralized, the usual practice is to pluralize the proper noun.
Colloquial: the (two) Miss Browns
the (three) Doctor Greys
Official: the (two) Misses Brown
the (three) Doctors Grey
NOTE:
- Mrs. is never pluralized nor written in full!
- The plural form of Mr. is Messrs (short for Messieurs) but it can be used in business language only; otherwise Mr. remains unchanged.
LATIN NOUNS IN -US, -UM, -A
bacillus ® bacilli, stimulus ® stimuli, radius ® radii, bacterium ® bacteria …
GREEK NOUNS IN -IS, -ON
analysis ® analyses, axis ® axes, basis ® bases,
crisis ® crises, hypothesis ® hypotheses,
oasis ® oases, thesis ® theses, criterion ® criteria,
phenomenon ® phenomena
FRENCH NOUNS
beau ® beaux, bureau ® bureaux, monsieur ® messieurs, madam ® mesdames
The longer a foreign word has been in the language and the more it has been used, the more it tends to acquire the English plural inflection -s, particularly in non-technical, everyday language (natural process of assimilation). p. 50!
A great number of foreign nouns have become completely naturalized and always take the English plural inflection (asylum ® asylums, bonus ® bonuses, campus ® campuses, encyclop(a)edia ® encyclop(a)edias, virus ® viruses …).
Non-countable nouns do not change their form. They are subdivided into two large groups:
- singular non-countable nouns lacking the plural,
- plural non-countable nouns lacking the singular.
singular non-countable nouns (p. 51-55)
MASS NOUNS
MATERIALS: chalk, gold, iron, rubber, wood …
FLUIDS: blood, milk, petrol, water, wine …
GASES: air, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, smoke ...
To denote individual quantities mass nouns may be used with specific partitives:
a piece / a loaf / a slice of bread
a piece / a slice of cake, bacon, salami …
a piece / a sheet of paper
a piece / a bar of chocolate, soap
Mass (material) nouns can be used as countable nouns in the singular and plural when they denote:
a) DIFFERENT SORTS
They produce high quality cheeses. They served different wines at the wedding reception.
b) INDIVIDUAL QUANTITIES
Two ice-creams please. How many sugars do you take in your tea?
c) OBJECTS MADE OF A PARTICULAR MATERIAL
They have two irons but neither of them is in order. He was dressed in tweeds.
ABSTRACT NOUNS
NATURAL PHENOMENA: cold, heat, lightning, sunshine, weather
ABSTRACT IDEAS: courage, freedom, happiness, luck, peace
Abstract nouns may be used as countable nouns when they denote an object exhibiting the quality expressed by the noun:
Beauty is only skin deep. but Mrs. Brown’s daughters are all renowned beauties.
Some abstract nouns are used in the plural to intensify the meaning expressed by the singular:
the frosts of an arctic winter, the chills of winter, the colds of midwinter, the heats of
The plural of some non-countable nouns denotes depth of feeling: My sympathies! Many thanks! Congratulations!
En : Slov
UNCOUNT. COUNT.
information
advice
knowledge
news
work
En : Slov.
COUNT. UNCOUNT.
imports
exports
developments
energy
life
risk
En : Slov.
PL. SG.
Make up your minds!
This will break your parents’ hearts.
(p. 54!)
NOUNS ENDING IN -ICS
The name of sciences ending in -ics, though plural in form are nowadays usually treated as singulars.
Acoustics is the science of heard sound.
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics.
Politics demands a person’s whole energies.
But the above nouns are usually treated as plurals when practical is meant:
The acoustics of our new concert hall are good.
His phonetics are first class.
The nouns athletics, gymnastics, tactics are generally considered as plural since they imply practical application:
Athletics are an essential part of the Olympic Games.
Gymnastics help to keep you fit.
Some names of diseased in –s are usually treated as singulars.
Measles is an infectious disease.
Mumps is accompanied by a painful swelling in the neck.
A number of English non-countable nouns lack a singular form and are used only in the plural (pluralia tantum).
1. the names of instruments and tools
bellows, clippers, fetters, pincers, tongs, pliers, scales, scissors, shears, tweezers, glasses (spectacles), goggles
2. the names of articles of clothing consisting of two identical parts
braces, (riding) breeches, briefs (panties), corduroys, flannels, knickers, knicker-bockers, shorts, suspenders (suspender-belt!), overalls, pyjamas (pyjama belt!), tights, trousers (trouser-leg), (under) pants
3. the names of some parts of the body
bowels, entrails, guts, intestines (small intestine, large intestine!)
4. nouns in -s denoting places (indefinite plurality)
environs, lodgings, outskirts, premises, slums, suburbs, tropics, whereabouts
5. the names of mountain ranges, some islands and countries
the Alps, the Balkans, the Rockies, the West Indies, the
6. some miscellaneous nouns denoting indefinite plurality
auspices, customs, clothes, digs, dregs, goods, grapes, hops, looks, morals, oats, remains, preserves, railings, suds
7. a number of substantivized adjectives
the ancients, the classics, the drinkables, the eatables/edibles, the greens, the moderns, the movables, the odds, the particulars, the rapids, the shallows, the valuables
Nouns of multitude are pluralia tantum judging by their pattering. Though singular in form they are used with determiners that pattern either with all nouns or with plural nouns only and always take a plural verb: CATTLE, FOLK, GENTRY, MILITIA, KINDRED, PEOPLE, POLICE, VERMIN, YOUTH.
The plurals of some nouns have two or more meanings of which one is usually similar to the singular meaning, the other(s) being different from it. In such cases the plural form has been lexicalized (it has acquired another lexical meaning, which results in homonymy – the occurrence of words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but a different meaning).
See Blaganje-Konte, p. 58-59 for examples!
morphology_zapiski_predavanj.doc
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